6151_Therya_Aotus

THERYA, 2025, Vol. 16(2):213-222 DOI:10.12933/therya-25-6151 ISSN 2007-3364

Living on the city: Records of night monkeys (Aotus spp.)
in urban and peri-urban forests of Colombia

Sebastián O. Montilla1, 2*, Anny Pulido-G3, Stiven Montoya Valencia4, Dayanna Diosa5, Margarita Niño-Moreno6, Maria Fernanda Lozano Frias7, Maria José Camacho-Duran8, Manuela Toro-Soto9, Luisa F. Chavarro10, Diego A. Gómez-Hoyos8, and Luisa F. Arcila-Pérez11, 12

1 Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología (LEBTYP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes. Cra. 1 18A-12, 111711. Bogotá D. C, Colombia. Email: juansomontilla94@gmail.com (SOM).

2 Fundación Proyecto Primates. Cra. 11A #1-55, 110911. Bogotá D. C., Colombia. Email: juansomontilla94@gmail.com (SOM).

3 Oficina de extensión y proyección CAV PHI – EPM, Universidad CES. Cl. 10A 22-04, 050021. Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia. Email: pulidog.anny@gmail.com (AP).

4 Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Educación (GICBE), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío. Cra. 15 12N, 63003. Armenia, Quindío, Colombia. Email: dsmontoya0@gmail.com (SMV).

5 Universidad de la Amazonia. Cra. 11 5-69, 180001. Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Email: diosa020615@gmail.com (DD).

6 Cumaral Biodiversa. 501021. Cumaral, Meta, Colombia. Email: maria.nino@unillanos.edu.co (MÑ).

7 Bioparque Los Ocarros. Cl. 34 37-33, 500001. Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia. Email: mlozanof@unbosque.edu.co (MFLF).

8 Fundación Soy Conservación. Cra. 14 5-49, 762540. Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Email: mariajcadu28@gmail.com (MJC); biodiego88@gmail.com (DAGH).

9 Gimnasio Militar FAC “TC. Flavio Angulo Piedrahita”. Cl. 14 11-27, 253480. Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Email: manuela03230@gmail.com (MT).

10 Universidad de los Andes. Cra. 1 18A-12, 111711. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Email: lf.chavarro@uniandes.edu.co (LFC).

11 Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas (CIMPAT), Universidad de los Andes. Cra. 1 #18A-12, 111711. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Email: arcilaluisap@gmail.com (LFA).

12 Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío. Cra. 15 12N, 63003. Armenia, Quindío, Colombia. Email: arcilaluisap@gmail.com (LFA).

*Corresponding author: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-8142.

Urbanization has transformed natural habitats by concentrating human populations in urban areas, with important consequences for biodiversity. In Colombia, several mammals, including primates, have occupied urban areas in different regions of the country. The objective of this study is to compile information on night monkeys (Aotus spp.) in urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia, based on field records and literature review. We compiled our own and literature records of night monkeys from urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia between 2018 and 2024. We categorized these records by type and grouped them by night monkey species, geographic location, type of population center (departmental capital city, municipality, corregimiento and vereda), and proximity to urban infrastructure. 36 localities were identified (23 new and 13 from the literature), distributed in 11 departments, ranging from the capital city to the veredas, where night monkeys have been recorded in urban and peri-urban areas. The most abundant species was A. lemurinus, and we report the first urban and peri-urban records of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans. About 33 % of the records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban forests were found in capital cities with a population of more than 100000 people. Additionally, we report the use of 3 artificial sleeping sites in urban and peri-urban forests by A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans groups. Records were also found in educational institutions such as schools and universities, suggesting the possibility of establishing long-term studies with these night monkeys as flagship species. The monitoring of these primates in urban and peri-urban environments is crucial for their conservation and to guide public policies towards sustainable development, especially in the management of urban threats such as electrocution, which remains a significant problem.

La urbanización ha transformado los hábitats naturales al concentrar poblaciones humanas en áreas urbanas, con importantes consecuencias para la biodiversidad. En Colombia, varios mamíferos, incluyendo primates, han ocupado áreas urbanas en diferentes regiones del país. El objetivo de este estudio es recopilar información sobre monos nocturnos (Aotus spp.) presentes en bosques urbanos y periurbanos de Colombia, con base en registros de campo y revisión bibliográfica. Recopilamos entre 2018 y 2024 registros propios y de literatura de monos nocturnos de bosques urbanos y periurbanos en Colombia. Categorizamos estos registros según su tipo y los agrupamos de acuerdo con la especie de mono nocturno, la ubicación geográfica, el tipo de centro poblado (ciudad capital departamental, municipio, corregimiento y vereda) y la proximidad a infraestructuras urbanas. Se identificaron 36 localidades (23 nuevas y 13 de la literatura), distribuidas en 11 departamentos y ubicadas desde ciudades capitales hasta veredas donde se han registrado monos nocturnos en zonas urbanas y periurbanas. La especie más abundante fue A. lemurinus, y reportamos los primeros registros urbanos y periurbanos de A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra y A. vociferans. Aproximadamente el 33 % de los registros de monos nocturnos en bosques urbanos y periurbanos se encontraron en ciudades capitales con poblaciones superiores a 100000 habitantes. Adicionalmente, reportamos el uso de tres dormideros artificiales en bosques urbanos y periurbanos por grupos de A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra y A. vociferans. Se encontraron registros en instituciones educativas como escuelas y universidades, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de establecer estudios a largo plazo con estos monos nocturnos como especies banderas. El monitoreo de estos primates en entornos urbanos y periurbanos es crucial para su conservación y para orientar políticas públicas hacia el desarrollo sostenible, especialmente en la gestión de amenazas urbanas como la electrocución, que sigue siendo un problema importante.

Keywords: Andean region; Aotidae; educational institutions; electrocution; Primates; sleeping sites; urbanization.

Introduction

The percentage of natural cover worldwide has been transformed by anthropogenic activities by more than 75 % (IPCC 2019). In Colombia, although it is estimated that about 52 % of the territory is covered by natural forest, there is an annual deforestation rate of 0.62 % (Armenteras et al. 2013; IDEAM 2020). Especially in this country, the greatest transformation of forests has occurred as a result of the expansion of crops and the agricultural frontier, the establishment of pastures for livestock and the construction of infrastructures and urbanizations (Etter and Wyngaarden 2000; Etter et al. 2008).

Urbanization is the process through which dispersed human populations living in small rural settlements grow and concentrate in dense urban cores. This occurs alongside industrial and agricultural development necessary to provide services, resulting in alteration of the natural environment (McIntyre 2011; Hussain and Imitiyaz 2018). The changes in land use and intervention of natural land cover often result in a mixture of human infrastructures and forest remnants within urban areas or in surrounding areas (Wear 2013; Salbitano et al. 2016). In general, urban and peri-urban forests present alterations in their structure and composition due to the constant pressures of urbanization, as not all species are able to adapt to these changes (Wear 2013).

Colombia is recognized as the sixth country with the highest diversity of mammals due to its strategic location in the tropics, where different geographical regions converge (Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2016). This diversity is also represented in urban and peri-urban forests, where numerous mammal species among different orders have been recorded, such as Chiroptera (Ballesteros and Racero-Casarrubia 2012; Rosero-Taramuel et al. 2023), Didelphimorphia (Barrera-Niño and Sánchez 2014; Guimarães et al. 2023), Carnivora (González-Maya et al. 2017; Sánchez-Londoño et al. 2023) and Primates (Poveda and Sánchez-Palomino 2004; Soto-Calderón et al. 2016; Montilla et al. 2018, 2020; Bustamante-Manrique et al. 2021; Grajales-Suaza et al. 2021). Among the primates recorded in urban and peri-urban areas of Colombia are night monkeys of the species A. lemurinus, which is characterized, as well as the other species of the genus, by its ability to adapt to different forest types (Montilla et al. 2018, 2020; Bustamante-Manrique et al. 2021; Grajales-Suaza et al. 2021). Although night monkeys inhabit a variety of forest environments, most species in Colombia are threatened due to loss of habitat for urbanization, agricultural activities, illegal trade as pets, and biomedical research purposes (Maldonado et al. 2023; Shanee et al. 2023a).

Records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas provide opportunities for implementation of conservation tools in nearby veredas, corregimientos, municipalities, and capital cities where these charismatic species can serve as flagship species to promote the conservation of entire communities of flora and fauna. In this context, the aim of this study is to provide new records and compile historical data on the presence of some species of the genus Aotus like A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra, A. lemurinus, and A. vociferans in urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia. Additionally, we recorded the use of artificial sleeping sites by groups of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans in peri-urban areas.

Materials and methods

We compiled records of night monkeys between 2018 and 2024 in urban and peri-urban forests from several research and conservation projects involving these primates in Colombia. Furthermore, we reviewed published scientific literature for records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban forests. For each record obtained we determined the following aspects: the species of night monkey recorded, exact geographic location (department, municipality, locality, coordinates and altitude), date of observation, type of nearby population center (departmental capital city, municipality, corregimiento, or vereda), and source and type of record (either daytime observation in sleeping site, nocturnal observation when night monkeys are active, or electrocuted individuals). Moreover, for the records directly obtained by us, we calculated (using satellite images) the minimum distance between the observed night monkeys and the buildings that are part of the population center.

We included as urban and peri-urban records any within a minimum distance of 105 m, which corresponds to the 3.5 ha radius of the average home range reported for different groups of night monkeys in Colombia (between 1.1 and 8 ha; (Guzmán et al. 2016; Bustamante-Manrique et al. 2021; Montilla et al. 2021a). Based on the categorization by Balk et al. (2018), we defined as urban records all those where the area of 3.5 ha had a coverage of at least 50 % of buildings that are part of the population center, and as peri-urbans, those where the coverage of buildings was less than 50 %. The measurements of the area and the estimations of the percentage of coverage were made with the circular ruler tool of Google Earth Pro.

Considering the scarce morphological differentiation among night monkeys’ species, the identification of each record was based mainly on the geographic distribution, following the proposals of Henao-Diaz et al. (2020) and Shanee et al. (2023b). Consequently, all sightings in the Orinoquía region were attributed to A. brumbacki, those in the Magdalena Medio Valley to A. griseimembra, those in the Amazonia to A. vociferans, and those in the Andes to A. lemurinus. The record located in northern Antioquia, which could be on the boundary between the distribution of A. lemurinus and A. griseimembra, was assigned to A. lemurinus according to the potential distribution map by Henao-Diaz et al. (2020).

Results

In total, we documented the presence of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas of 36 different localities in Colombia. Of these, 23 are new records, while 13 are records previously published in scientific literature. Sightings of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban forests are distributed in 20 municipalities belonging to 11 departments, at altitudes ranging from 93 to 2,258 masl (Table 1; Figure 1). Most of these records occurred in municipalities (16 records), followed by capital cities (12 records), corregimientos (4 records) and veredas (4 records). 12 of the records are located in urban areas, while 24 correspond to peri-urban forests. The most frequently species of night monkey in urban and peri-urban forests was A. lemurinus, with 26 records, followed by A. brumbacki and A. griseimembra with 4 records each, and A. vociferans with 2 records. Most of the records were obtained by nocturnal observation (19 records), followed by daytime observations at sleeping sites (9 records), and those documented after electrocution events (6 records). On one occasion, the presence of night monkeys in peri-urban forests was recorded through museum specimens and interviews. From the new records, we identified distances between 7 and 84 meters (mean: 28.73; ± 21.90) between night monkey observations and buildings that are part of population centers (see Table 1).

In three of the localities where we recorded the presence of night monkeys through diurnal observations, we identified artificial sleeping sites used by social groups of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans. In the first locality, situated in the municipality of Guamal, Meta, we recorded a group of four individuals of A. brumbacki using as a sleeping site a small "house" built with wooden planks and a galvanized roof. This structure was specifically constructed by the sector's inhabitants to serve as a sleeping site for the night monkeys (Figure 2). At the second locality, in Puerto Parra, Santander, we recorded a group of A. griseimemebra consisting of three individuals sleeping during the day on a corrugated zinc sheet rolled up from the base of the tree (Figure 3). This zinc sheet was unintentionally placed by the owner of a nearby house on the tree where the night monkeys were sleeping, and after a few days they began to use it as a sleeping site. In the third locality, situated in Florencia, Caquetá, we sighted a group of three A. vociferans individuals using a hole in a metal structure that serves as a door jamb of a country restaurant as a sleeping site. According to the owners of the restaurant, when they began construction of the door, they noticed that the main beam was being inhabited by night monkeys and instead of chasing them away, they decided to allow them to stay there (Figure 4).

Discussion

We provide new records of the presence of A. lemurinus and the first records of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans in urban and peri-urban areas of Colombia, through diurnal, nocturnal and by means of observations of electrocuted individuals. Other records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas have been made in the state of Rondônia, Brazil for individuals of A. nigriceps, which have also been observed consuming exotic flowers in urban trees (Chaves et al. 2021). In Colombia, other studies have documented the presence of different primate species in urban and peri-urban forests. Among them are: Alouatta seniculus (Cañate et al. 2019), Saguinus leucopus (Poveda and Sánchez-Palomino 2004; Soto-Calderón et al. 2016), Saimiri cassiquiarensis (Alfonso 2017; Buitrago and Ceballos 2018), Sapajus apella (Alfonso 2017) and Plecturocebus ornatus (Alfonso 2017; Ortiz-Moreno et al. 2022).

About 72 % of the records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia correspond to the species A. lemurinus, which may be related to the distribution of this species in the Andean region of the country. This species is present on both slopes of the 3 Andean Mountain ranges (Henao-Diaz et al. 2020; Shanee et al. 2023b), where most urban settlements in Colombia are concentrated and where about 70 % of the national population resides (Defler 2010; Armenteras et al. 2011). This region is also characterized by one of the highest rates of landscape transformation in Colombia, as it estimated 80 % of the natural vegetation having been modified (Etter et al. 2008). The Andean region of Colombia also includes the Middle Magdalena Valley, where four more records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban forests were presented, specifically for the species A. griseimembra. As for A. brumbacki, this was another species with a high number of records with a total of four occurrences, all of them restricted to the foothill subregion of the Orinoquía. This specific area concentrates approximately 80 % of the entire population of the Orinoquía region, where the largest regional infrastructure is located (Jiménez 2012; Devia and Piñeros 2021).

Nearly 33 % of night monkey records in urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia occurred in capital cities categorized as special (population over 500,001 inhabitants), as in the case of Cali, as well as in first category cities (with a population over 100,001 inhabitants), such as Armenia, Manizales, Pereira and Villavicencio. Of these cities, Armenia, Manizales y Pereira are the capitals of the three departments that make up the Eje Cafetero, a subregion with a landscape that has approximately 19.8 % crop cover and 25.3 % forest cover, according to Otero et al. (2005). This landscape is structurally complex, composed of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, which allows the presence of native fauna and acts as biological corridors, contributing to some extent to the maintenance of environmental services (Weibull et al. 2003; Pérez-Torres et al. 2009). In the Eje Cafetero region, we have recorded night monkeys of the species A. lemurinus and A. griseimembra in urban and peri-urban forests. Although these species are listed in the vulnerable to extinction (VU) category of the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), they are considered to be adapted to transformed landscapes (Defler 2010; Montilla et al. 2018; Link et al. 2021a, 2021b).

The record of A. lemurinus from the Universidad del Valle in the urban area of Cali should be interpreted with caution due to uncertainty as to whether this population is introduced and arose from individuals released or escaped after biomedical research, or whether it represents a native population. In 1979, the Colombian National Health Institute (INS) established a colony of night monkeys in Bogotá for biomedical research purposes, from 57 specimens captured in San Marcos, Sucre (Caribbean region; Umaña et al. 1984). Subsequently, some individuals from this colony were transferred to several research centers, including the Instituto de Inmunología of the Universidad del Valle, in Cali, where several investigations on the development of vaccines against malaria were carried out using these primates as a model (López et al. 1997; Jordan-Villegas et al. 2005; Herrera-Valencia 2002, 2005). Particularly of the individuals at the Universidad del Valle, there are no clear reports on their final fate, and it has been suggested that some individuals may have escaped or been released, establishing social groups on the university campus. On the other hand, it is also possible that the night monkeys at the Universidad del Valle correspond to native individuals, since wild night monkeys have also been reported in the vicinity of the city of Cali, both to the south in the rural area of the corregimiento of Pance and to the north in the corregimiento of Dapa in the municipality of Yumbo (Hirche et al. 2017; Wolovich et al. 2023). Further genetic analyses are necessary to confirm the provenance of the night monkeys at the Universidad del Valle by comparing their genetic data to those of native populations present in rural areas of Cali and Valle del Cauca.

Two of the new records of night monkeys in peri-urban forests involved individuals of A. lemurinus that were victims of electrocution events. Additional incidents include one reported by Castaño et al. (2010) in a forest at the middle Cauca River basin, as well as two others reported by Saavedra-Rodríguez et al. (2013) in a rural area at the department of Valle del Cauca, and 10 more reported by Montilla et al. (2020) along the Cordillera Central. All of these records underestimate the true magnitude of the serious threat posed by power grids to night monkeys, especially for populations inhabiting urban and peri-urban forests. According to Kumar and Kumar (2015) and Slade (2016), it is estimated that only 31 to 36 % of electrocutions of primates are reported.

In addition, six of the records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas have been documented in educational institutions, such as the Colegio Libre in Circasia, Quindío, the Colegio San José in Calarcá, Quindío, the Gimnasio Militar FAC “TC. Flavio Angulo Piedrahita” in Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca, the Universidad de Los Llanos in Villavicencio, Meta, the Universidad del Valle in Cali, Valle del Cauca, and the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira in Pereira, Risaralda. These circumstances open the possibility for these institutions to advance in research processes through continuous long-term monitoring of night monkeys, which could lead to implementation of conservation strategies where these primates are considered as flagship species for these institutions.

Regarding the use of artificial sleeping sites by groups of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. vociferans in urban and peri-urban forests, several studies have focused on describing the behavior of sleeping sites used by night monkey species. However, none of these studies report these primates sleeping site in human-made structures (Aquino and Encarnación 1986; García and Braza 1993; Puertas et al. 1995; Savagian and Fernandez-Duque 2017; González-Hernández et al. 2020; Montilla et al. 2024). In the case of Saguinus bicolor, another Neotropical primate species, tests were conducted with artificial sleeping sites with different characteristics, and the individuals showed a preference for wooden boxes that provided them with greater security from predators (Ahsmann 2022). Due to the constant noise pressures and the presence of people near the urban and peri-urban forests where night monkeys live, it is possible that they perceive sleeping sites as safe places within environments altered by human activity.

Recording night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas is key for research and opens opportunities for conservation. It is crucial to further understand the adaptive capacity of primates to these environments, the viability of these populations, and the effects of habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation in these particular landscapes. Such knowledge will allow us to articulate compelling arguments for the inclusion of these charismatic and threatened species (in the case of A. brumbacki, A. griseimembra and A. lemurinus) habitat in public policies related to land use. Moreover, this will be useful to consider them in effective ecological development plans for municipalities, as well as monitoring and conservation of protected areas (e. g. water protection zone). Furthermore, this is also an opportunity to promote the development of these localities through specialized tourism (ecotourism and scientific tourism), conservation education, and the use of these species as a flagship for cultural activities. However, urban landscapes still pose threats to these primates that need to be managed in collaboration with local institutions and environmental authorities, such as run overs, electrocution, and illegal trade.

New records of night monkeys in urban and peri-urban areas of Colombia reveal the adaptability of these species to environments modified by human activities. These findings highlight the importance of conducting research to understand how human presence and landscape changes affect the distribution and behavior of wildlife. In addition, the identification of threats such as electrocution by power grids underscores the need to implement effective conservation measures to protect these species in urbanized environments. The possible perception by night monkeys of artificial sleeping sites as safe havens also raises questions about the interaction between wildlife and human infrastructure in these environments. Ultimately, these records are important as a basis for future research and conservation actions specific to primates near urban areas.

Acknowledgments

Soy Conservación foundation carries out conservation activities for A. lemurinus thanks to the contribution of market strategies led by Café Tandil and Inga | Hecho para la biodiversidad in Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca, as well as for A. griseimembra in the Magdalena Medio. We would like to express our gratitude to the community of El Manantial, Fernando Hoyos Cardozo, Major Alfonso, and Jhosman Julian Parra for their support and fundamental contributions in data collection in Florencia, Caquetá. Special thanks also go to Felipe Osorio Meluk and Diana Carina Vallejo, members of the Cumaral Biodiversa Collective, for making visible the importance of A. brumbacki in Cumaral, Meta, and for their efforts in conserving the species in the region. Additionally, we want to acknowledge Dr. Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón for her support in registering sleeping sites and monitoring them. We are also grateful to the Colombian Aerospace Force, Comando Aereo de Combate No1, Gimnasio Militar FAC "TC. Flavio Angulo Piedrahita", and CT. Andrea Carolina Gómez Ruge, Rectora Gimnasio Militar FAC "TC. Flavio Angulo Piedrahita", for their support in the research and conservation process, particularly for the project "conociendo a: ¡Los monos nocturnos caribeños!”, presented at the ÁGORA 2023 aerospace week. Finally, we extend our gratitude to the Therios study group of the Universidad del Valle for their help in data collection in Cali, Valle del Cauca.

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Associated editor: Sergio Solari

Submitted: September 9, 2024; Reviewed: October 23, 2024

Accepted: November 5, 2024; Published on line: December 6, 2024

Table 1. Records of night monkey’s species (Aotus spp.) in urban and peri-urban forests in Colombia. Species (Sp), Department (Dept), Municipality (Mun), Locality (Loc), Latitude, longitude (Lat/Lon), Altitude (Alt), Urban or peri-urban (U/P), Population center (PopC), Distance from population center (m) (DistPop (m)), Source, type of record and date (Source/Record/Date).

Sp	Dept	Mun	Loc	Lat/Lon	Alt	U/P	PopC	DistPop (m)	Source/Record/Date
A. brumbacki	Meta	Cumaral	El Paraíso pools	4.2692, -73.4942	417	P	Municipality	12	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, during September and November of 2021
			Inspección de Guacavía	4.2908, -73.5197	459	P	Corregimiento	21	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, March 3, 2022
		Guamal	Vereda Santa Bárbara	3.8896, -73.7721	536	U	Vereda	7	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, June 4, 2022
		Villavicencio	Universidad de Los Llanos	4.0751, -73.5845	400	P	Vereda	-	Alfonso 2017.
									Registered by interview
A. griseimembra	Caldas	La Dorada	Las Delicias neighborhood	5.4450, -74.6697	177	U	Municipality	11	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, September 2, 2023
	Cundinamarca	Puerto Salgar	Comando Aéreo de Combate”	5.4774, -74.6624	174	U	Municipality	11	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, May 11, 2023
	Santander	Puerto Parra	Vereda Agualinda	6.6614 -73.9712	143	P	Vereda	23	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, August 18, 2024
			Vereda Bocas del Carare	6.7806 -74.1012	93	U	Vereda	33	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, August 18, 2024
A. lemurinus	Antioquia	San Jerónimo	Los Cedros residential unit	7.0557, -75.6739	747	P	Municipality	40	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, May 13, 2023
		Toledo	Corregimiento of El Valle de Toledo - Biomax service station	6.4476, -75.7181	484	P	Corregimiento	12	Electrocuted individual*, October 3, 2023
	Caldas	Manizales	Campohermoso neighborhood	5.0833, -75.5166	1900	P	Capital city	-	Bustamante-Manrique et al. 2021.
									Nocturnal observation
			La Francia neighborhood	5.0725, -75.5302	2007	U	Capital city	-	Montilla et al. 2020.
									Electrocuted individual
			Nogales neighborhood	5.0590, -75.5235	2029	U	Capital city	-	Montilla et al. 2020.
									Electrocuted individual
			Northwest of Manizales	5.0833, -75.5166	2100	P	Capital city	-	Bustamante-Manrique et al. 2021.
									Nocturnal observation
			Ecoparque Monteleón	5.07916, -75.4986	2258	P	Capital city	-	Museum specimens
									MHN-UCa1503, UCa504, UCa3288 cited in Marín 2023
	Cauca	Toribío	Corregimiento of Tacueyó - La Guaca Hostel	3.0206, -76.2447	1703	P	Corregimiento	10	Nocturnal observation*, February 14, 2024
	Quindío	Armenia	Museo del Oro Quimbaya	4.5705, -75.6483	1615	P	Capital city	-	Montilla et al. 2018.
									Nocturnal observation
			Parque de la Vida	4.5469, -75.657	1517	P	Capital city	63	Nocturnal observation*, May 23, 2023
			Sena Agropecuario	4.5712, -75.6415	1590	P	Capital city	-	Montilla et al. 2021b.
									Nocturnal observation
		Calarcá	La Bombonera synthetic fields	4.5390, -75.6367	1557	P	Municipality	57	Electrocuted individual*
			Colegio San José	4.5081, -75.6587	1473	P	Municipality	-	Montilla et al. 2021b.
									Nocturnal observation
		Circasia	Colegio Libre	4.6199, -75.6423	1746	P	Municipality	-	Montilla et al. 2021b.
									Nocturnal observation
		Pijao	Las Casuarinas avenue	4.3349 -75.7050	1666	U	Municipality	-	Montilla et al. 2020.
									Electrocuted individual
			La Playita neighborhood	4.3310 -75.7051	1635	U	Municipality	-	Montilla et al. 2020.
									Electrocuted individual
			Laureano Gómez neighborhood	4.3325, -75.7065	1660	U	Municipality	7	Nocturnal observation*, November 12, 2022
			Corregimiento of Barragán	4.3371, -75.792	1106	U	Corregimiento	8	Nocturnal observation*, March 15, 2018
		Salento	Alto de la cruz Viewpoint	4.6401, -75.566	2015	P	Municipality	57	Nocturnal observation*, January 13, 2024
	Risaralda	Pereira	Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira	4.7928, -75.6885	1459	U	Capital city	48	Daytime observation (sleeping site)*, May 8, 2018
	Valle del Cauca	Caicedonia	La Ciudadela neighborhood	4.3346, -75.8203	1145	P	Municipality	33	Nocturnal observation*, April 5, 2023
			Bellavista Lakes	4.3317, -75.8321	1167	P	Municipality	84	Nocturnal observation*, January 27, 2023
			Las Carmelitas neighborhood	4.3251, -75.8342	1191	P	Municipality	54	Nocturnal observation*, February 20, 2024
			La Isabela neighborhood	4.3243, -75.8322	1194	P	Municipality	23	Nocturnal observation*, during November, 2023
		Cali	Universidad del Valle	3.3772, -76.5344	981	U	Capital city	17	Nocturnal observation*, June 2, 2022
		Cartago	Ortéz creek	4.7521, -75.8945	945	P	Municipality	-	Grajales-Suaza et al. 2021.
									Nocturnal observation
A. vociferans	Caquetá	Florencia	La Florida neighborhood	1.6293, -75.5864	400	P	Capital city	14	Nocturnal observation*, June 20, 2020
			La Ceiba restaurant	1.6342, -75.5841	475	P	Capital city	16	Nocturnal observation*, June 22, 2022

*New records